Tailor your drug therapy according to your genes and reap the benefits of personalized medicine.
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Discuss your genetic makeup with your physician to ensure your treatment is right
The vast majority of individuals taking prescription medications will not benefit from them, but will endure side effects. With Precision Medicine you can get the right medicine, in the right dosage, at the right time.
80% of prescribed drugs are affected by genetic metabolism, and medications ranging from pain to cancer are impacted. If you are taking prescription medication, it is highly likely Precision Medicine can help your physician.
Genetics to tailor the right therapeutic strategy for the right person at the right dose.
Several large studies have shown the importance of genotyping in treatment using clopidogrel or Plavix. It was found that patients with variations in the CYP2C19 gene are at 3.58 times greater risk for major adverse cardiovascular events such as death, heart attack, and stroke.
Hemorrhage during warfarin therapy is a leading cause of death in Western countries. In patients carrying CYP2C9 and or VKORC1 genetic variants, a lower dose of the drug is recommended. Testing patients would reduce adverse events and improve the achievement of stable INR.
CYP3A5 gene variant influences the systemic clearance of Verapamil, a common antihypertensive. Expressors of the CYP3A5 gene show greater oral clearance of Verapamil than non-expressors. This is an important factor to consider in prescribing the drug dosage.
Statins are widely used for their cholesterol-lowering effect. However, several individuals experience statin-induced myopathy and is a major cause of discontinuation of statin therapy. Understanding your genetic type will help you choose the right type of statin with minimal side effects.
Beta Blockers are recommended as the first-line treatment for conditions like heart failure, hypertension, and angina. Metoprolol, a beta blocker, is heavily dependant on CYP2D6 gene variation with 70-80% of its metabolism happening through this pathway.
Individuals with different variants of CYP3A4*22 respond differently to this drug. Slow metabolizers tend to accumulate drugs like Amiodarone in their system, that could lead to liver toxicity.
About 60% of depressed patients do not respond completely to antidepressants and up to 30% do not respond at all. This is because of the genetic variants in the gene, CYP2D6. People with one form of CYP2D6 gene are poor responders to antidepressants.
Depression affects 5% of the population in the USA for which SSRIs are the first line of treatment. These SSRIs need to be oxidized in the liver in order to be assimilated and cleared from the system. This is why variations in CYP2D6 and CY2C19 genes that code for the metabolizing protein (enzyme) affect individual response to this class of drugs.
CYP2D6 gene variants influence the metabolism of SNRIs. Individuals who have two copies of one of the variants of CYP2D6 produce an inactive form of the protein and are hence poor metabolizers of SNRIs thereby accumulating them in their system. This is shown by a common SNRI, paroxetine or Paxil.
Other antidepressants like Bupropion and Trazodone are both drugs that are used to treat very severe forms of depression. It is simply a must to show discretion in consuming them and it always recommended to be with guidance from your physician. Seizures are the most common side effects of these drugs.
The clearance of drugs like Quetiapine is influenced by variations in the CYP3A4 gene. For Quetiapine to reach peak levels in the system it takes 2 hrs if released immediately and 6 hrs for an extended release. This explains why it is necessary to know the variation of this gene before prescribing its dose.
Individuals with two nonfunctional copies of the CYP2D6 gene are poor metabolizers of stimulants like Atomoxetine and have higher plasma concentrations of this drug as compared to their normal counterparts. At the same time, it must not be prescribed to ultra-rapid metabolizers as the drug would not work on them.
Benzodiazepines have important clinical uses in treating anxiety, insomnia, muscle spasms and alcohol withdrawal. Primarily metabolized by the CYP2C19, approximately 3% of Caucasians and 15 to 20% of Asians have reduced CYP2C19 enzyme activity or do not show the activity at all. Hence the drug does not work on them.
The overall metabolism rate of Buspirone, a common nonbenzodiazepine anxiolytic, is 18 fold greater in people with two functional copies of CYP2D6. Hence they use that chemical up that much faster and need to prescribe the dose appropriately.
An undesirable side-effect of hypnotics like Eszopiclone is short-term memory loss. This drug is used to treat insomnia that affects 20-50% of older adults. Variants of the CYP3A4 influences the metabolism of hypnotics in the system.
Particular variants of the genes ABCB1, CYP1A2*1K and CYP1A2*1C make individuals who harbor them, poor metabolizers of neuropsychiatric drugs like Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Escitalopram. Hence genetic testing of this gene becomes important prior to prescribing these drugs.
CYP2C9 is a highly polymorphic gene. Metabolism of drugs like insulin, sitagliptin, and tolbutamide are influenced by the variations in this gene.
It is the most commonly prescribed oral drug for type 2 diabetes. Studies have shown that a majority of the population that have two copies of the desirable variant show a 2-fold drop in the level of glycated hemoglobin which is highly desirable for any antidiabetic.
Inter-individual variability in the response to sulfonylureas is common. One of the reasons is the variations in the TCF7L2 gene. Carriers of the risk variant of TCF7L2 are less likely to respond to sulfonylureas.
Opioids have a narrow therapeutic index and wide inter-individual variability. Genes CYP2D6, CYP2C19, CYP3A4*22, and CYP3A5*3 have been shown to influence this variability. Due to its extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver, the bioavailability of this family of drugs is greatly reduced. Genetic testing can help in determining the dose estimates.
Morphine is a well-known pain relief drug. The dosage, efficacy, and clearance of Morphine are influenced by COMT, OPRM1 and SLC22A1*4 genes respectively. Genetic testing for these genes will enable you to lower the side effects of this drug.
CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*22 genotypes have a strong influence on immunosuppressants like Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine. Tacrolimus, that is commonly used on patients who undergo liver and kidney transplant shows a wide patient to patient variability. Genetic testing before administering immunosuppressants will reduce the incidence of organ rejection and organ toxicity.
Xcode does not provide any direct medical advice to individuals and the reports are to be interpreted only by qualified medical/healthcare professionals.Genetic information must always be considered in conjunction with other information about your health such as lifestyle, family history, biomedical data, nutrition, physical activity etc.Genetic information is subject to revision based on latest advances in scientific research.Genetic interpretations are based on the results of population studies and observations at the population level may not always be observable at an individual level due to individual factors
Genetic information is generated by a wide variety of scientific studies. Hundreds of scientific publications are published every year documenting genetic studies on a variety of conditions. Our scientific team selects those publications that match our quality criteria and organizes this information in a systematic way in the form of reports. Your genetic raw data is processed through our AI and Machine learning systems and matched with our databases to produce your Nutrition, Health, Fitness and other reports.
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Xcode is a pioneer in personal genomics, specializing in preventative healthcare. They are dedicated to empowering physicians, wellness professionals and individuals with the most validated actionable genomic information, to positively impact health and improve the quality of life.
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